A case of a 62-year-old male with Actinomycetoma successfully treated using combined medical and surgical therapy

INTRODUCTION@#Actinomycetoma is a neglected infectious disease that presents with a triad of subcutaneous mass, with sinus formation and seropurulent discharge containing grains. This causes severe functional disability to patients if not treated early and properly.@*CASE REPORT@#We report a case of a 62-year-old adult Filipino farmer diagnosed with actinomycetoma of the left foot. For 8 years, the patient medicated with several antibiotic therapies affording minimal improvement of symptoms. Hence, surgical intervention with combination antimicrobial therapy was done which provided resolution of symptoms, improving the quality of life of the patient.@*CONCLUSION@#Treatment of actinomycetoma must be individualized among patients. Although oral antibiotics became the standard of treatment, combining surgical treatment with oral medications may be considered to ensure effective management of the disease.

Infección por Staphylococcus lugdunensis: descripción de 44 casos / Staphylococcus lugdunensis infection: report of 44 cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: Staphylococcus lugdunensis, es un estafilococo coagulasa negativa (SCN) con características de virulencia y de sensibilidad antimicrobiana que lo hacen más parecido a Staphylococcus aureus que a otros SCN. OBJETIVOS: Conocer las características clínicomicrobiológicas de los aislados de S. lugdunensis identificados en nuestra institución. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los aislados de S. lugdunensis entre los años 2017 y 2019 en el Servicio de Microbiología del Hospital Universitario San Jorge de Huesca (España). Se revisaron las historias clínicas correspondientes a los pacientes con aislamiento de S. lugdunensis, considerándose las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de muestra, servicio de procedencia y enfermedad de base. La identificación bacteriana se realizó con MALDI-TOF VITEK MS (BioMérieux, Francia). Así mismo, se estudió su patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro mediante microdilución en placa. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 44 aislados de S. lugdunensis: 12 procedían de heridas, 10 fueron abscesos, 8 úlceras, 7 orinas, 4 frotis cutáneos, 2 exudados óticos, y 1 exudado vaginal. En relación con la enfermedad de base destacaron cinco pacientes con procesos tumorales y diez con diabetes mellitus. En 17 pacientes existían antecedentes de cirugía o traumatismo reciente. La mayoría de las cepas fueron sensibles a los antimicrobianos estudiados. En 19 de ellas se observó producción de β-lactamasa, dos fueron resistentes a macrólidos y tres a clindamicina. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a oxacilina, gentamicina y cotrimoxazol. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque S. lugdunensis mantiene una buena sensibilidad a la mayoría de los antimicrobianos, su tendencia a producir abscesos y que exprese factores de virulencia más parecido a S. aureus que a otros SCN, hace necesaria una correcta identificación en el laboratorio con el fin de que su incidencia no quede subestimada.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) with virulence and antibiotic sensitivity characteristics which makes it more similar to Staphylococcus aureus than other CNS. AIM: To know the microbiological and clinical characteristics of S. lugdunensis isolates identified from our health sector. METHODS: A retrospective study of S. lugdunensis isolates was carried out between 2017 and 2019 in the Microbiology Service of the San Jorge University Hospital in Huesca (Spain). The clinical records of patients with S. lugdunensis isolation were reviewed, considering the following factors: age, sex, sample type, service and underlying disease. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF VITEK MS (BioMérieux, France). The pattern of antibiotic susceptibility was studied by means of plate microdilution. RESULTS: 44 isolates of S. lugdunensis were obtained: 12 corresponded to wounds, 10 were abscesses, 8 ulcers, 7 urine samples, 4 skin smears, 2 otic exudates, and 1 vaginal exudate. Regarding the underlying disease, five patients had a tumor processes and ten had diabetes mellitus. In 17 patients there was a history of recent surgery or trauma. Most of the strains were susceptible to the antibiotics studied. Production of beta-lactamase was observed in 19 of them, two were resistant to macrolides and three to clindamycin. None of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin, gentamicin or cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSIONS: Although S. lugdunensis maintains a good sensitivity to most antibiotics, its tendency to produce abscesses and that it expresses virulence factors more similar to S. aureus than to other CNS requires a correct identification in the laboratory so that its incidence is not underestimated.

Features of malaria among patients HIV infected in a Department of Infectious Diseases in Bamako

Introduction. We studied malaria in HIV infected subjects hospitalized in the department of infectious diseases at Point G Teaching Hospital in Mali, with the objective to have current data on malaria in patients infected by HIV. Materials and methods. We conducted a prospective study from October, 1st 2016 to September 30th 2018 in patients seropositive for HIV having positive thick smear for Plasmodium and hospitalized in the department of infectious diseases at Point G Teaching Hospital. We collected sociodemographic, clinical and lab data form those patients. Data have been entered and analyzed using SPSS20.0 software. Results. Hospital frequency of malaria among People living with HIV was 24.4% (151/618). This population has a mean-age of 44.1±12.4 y/o and a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.86. Majority of patients were at WHO stage IV of HIV infection (63.4%). Symptoms were by decreasing frequency: fever (98.3%); headache (86.4%); anorexia (72.9%); asthenia (61.0%) and vomiting (42.4%). the mean parasitemia was 172.9±352.1 trophozoite/mm3 . Mean hemoglobin level was 9.1±3.2 g/dl and the mean CD4 count was 9±3 cell/mm3 . Severe malaria was independent from WHO HIV stage and from immunologic deficiency. The malaria treatment when correctly followed conduct to good improvement of the anemia (p = 0.03) and the negativity of the parasitemia (p = 0.00). Death in our HIV patient is linked to association with severe malaria (p = 0,012). Conclusion. Malaria is relatively common and severe among PLWHA in Mali. Prompt treatment is still effective and must be implemented to ensure a good prognosis. Despite cotrimoxazole chemoprophylaxis, a certain number of PLHIV suffer from malaria, raising the hypothesis of plasmodium resistance to antifolates.

Síndrome de intolerancia a múltiples medicamentos / Syndrome of intolerance to multiple medicines

El síndrome de intolerancia a múltiples medicamentos (MDIS, por sus siglas en inglés) se caracteriza por la intolerancia a dos o más medicamentos no relacionados. Tiene una prevalencia baja y es común en pacientes con polifarmacia. A pesar de que las reacciones adversas a los medicamentos son muy frecuentes, es raro que los pacientes debuten con este síndrome, el cual tiene implicaciones clínicas de leves a graves que afectan su vida; de acuerdo con esto varían el abordaje y su manejo. La sintomatología presentada varía desde síntomas gastrointestinales como reflujo gastroesofágico, dolores musculares y cefalea, hasta síntomas cutáneos; estos son los más frecuentes, tales como urticaria y erupciones maculopapulares o presentaciones menos comunes como el síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. El MDIS es causado por una amplia variedad de fármacos; por ello el conocimiento del síndrome, así como un adecuado interrogatorio de los antecedentes del paciente, es necesario para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno e instaurar un manejo adecuado y preventivo, evitando reacciones adversas que pongan en riesgo su vida. Con los hallazgos del cuadro clínico en la paciente, y basados en los antecedentes alérgicos presentados anteriormente a diferentes medicamentos no relacionados entre ellos, más la presentación de un rash maculopapular generalizado posterior a la administración de trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol se realiza el diagnóstico de MDIS. Se decide cambiar de medicamento por fosfomicina, con una consecuente evolución favorable. (AU)

Retinocoroiditis toxoplásmica y la evolución del resultado visual en pacientes inmunocompetentes / Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and the evolution of visual results in immunocompetent patients

Objetivo: Determinar la evolución del resultado visual en pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo longitudinal en 101 pacientes inmunocompetentes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa, atendidos en la consulta de Uveítis del Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría", desde enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2018. Se evaluaron las variables localización de la lesión, tamaño, número, episodio, grado de inflamación, complicaciones, recurrencia postratamiento y mejor agudeza visual corregida. Se analizaron los resultados utilizando frecuencias absolutas y relativas, la asociación estadística chi cuadrado, las pruebas U Mann-Whitney o Kruskall Wallis, Friedman y de rangos con signos de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Según la localización de la lesión, los resultados visuales inferiores se presentaron en los pacientes con lesiones en zona I y los mejores se obtuvieron cuando hubo afectación en zona III. Se mostró una mejor evolución del resultado visual en los que tuvieron lesiones menores o iguales a un diámetro papilar. Existió diferencia estadística entre los diferentes grados de gravedad de la inflamación, con tendencia al incremento de la mejor agudeza visual corregida en el tiempo, después del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Durante la evolución de los pacientes inmunocompetentes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa se logra mejoría de la visión(AU)

Objective: Determine the evolution of visual results in patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods: An observational longitudinal prospective study was conducted of 101 immunocompetent patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis attending the Uveitis Service at Abel Santamaría General University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2018. The variables evaluated were injury location, size, number, episode, degree of inflammation, complications, post-treatment recurrence and best corrected visual acuity. Results were analyzed with absolute and relative frequencies, chi-square statistical association, the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskall Wallis tests, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: According to injury location, the lowest visual results were obtained in patients with zone I lesions, whereas the best results corresponded to zone III lesions. A better visual result evolution was achieved in patients with lesions smaller than or equal to a papillary diameter. A statistical difference was found between the various degrees of inflammation severity, with a tendency to an increase in best corrected visual acuity with the passing of time after treatment. Conclusions: Visual improvement is achieved during the evolution of immunocompetent patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis(AU)

Brain Abscess Caused by Nocardia: Case Report and Literature Review

Nocardia brain abscess is a rare clinical entity, accounting for 2% of all brain abscesses, associated with high morbidity and amortality rate 3 times higher than brain abscesses caused by other bacteria. Proper investigation and treatment, characterized by a longterm antibiotic therapy, play an important role on the outcome of the patient. The authors describe a case of a patient without neurological comorbidities who developed clinical signs of right occipital lobe impairment and seizures, whose investigation demonstrated brain abscess caused by Nocardia spp. The patient was treated surgically followed by antibiotic therapy with a great outcome after 1 year of follow-up.

Síndrome de DRESS en una paciente con fibrosis quística: reporte de un caso pediátrico / DRESS syndrome in a patient with cystic fibrosis: a pediatric case report

El síndrome de sensibilidad a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos o síndrome de DRESS según sus siglas en inglés (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) se encuentra entre las reacciones medicamentosas cutáneas graves. Este consiste en una tríada clínica que incluye fiebre, exantema y compromiso sistémico, acompañado de eosinofilia y/o linfocitos atípicos.Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino con fibrosis quística, de 18 meses de edad, quien desarrolló esta patología durante un tratamiento con trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol para erradicar Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente en esputo. Los pacientes con fibrosis quística reciben múltiples esquemas antibióticos según bacteriología en secreciones respiratorias para evitar el deterioro de la función pulmonar y colonización por gérmenes resistentes. Es menester conocer y sospechar este síndrome, debido al riesgo incrementado de hipersensibilidad a drogas en fibrosis quística, pronóstico ominoso y su elevada morbimortalidad

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms or DRESS syndrome is among severe cutaneous drug reactions. This constitutes a clinical triad that includes fever, skin rash and systemic compromise, accompanied by eosinophilia and/or atypical lymphocytes.We present the case of an 18-month-old female patient with cystic fibrosis, who develops this pathology during a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole cycle as an eradicating treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bronchial secretions. Cystic fibrosis patients receive multiple antibiotic regimens according to bacteriology in sputum, to avoid impairment in their lung function and colonization by resistant germs. Due to the increased risk of drug hypersensitivity in cystic fibrosis, an ominous prognosis and high morbidity and mortality, knowledge and a high index of suspicion of this syndrome are necessary

Laboratory-based surveillance of Shigella spp. from human clinical cases in Colombia, 1997-2018 / Vigilancia por el laboratorio de Shigella spp. aislada de casos clínicos humanos en Colombia, 1997-2018

Abstract | Introduction: Shigellosis is endemic in low-and middle-income countries, causing approximately 125 million episodes of diarrhea and leading to approximately 160.000 deaths annually one-third of which is associated with children. Objective: To describe the characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella species recovered in Colombia from 1997 to 2018. Materials and methods: We received isolates from laboratories in 29 Colombian departments. We serotyped with specific antiserum and determined antimicrobial resistance and minimal inhibitory concentrations for ten antibiotics with Kirby-Bauer tests following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Results: We analyzed 5,251 isolates of Shigella spp., most of them obtained from stools (96.4%); 2,511 (47.8%) were from children under five years of age. The two most common species were S. sonnei (55.1%) and S. fbxneri (41.7%). The highest resistance rate was that of tetracycline (88.1%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (79.3%) and ampicillin (65.5%); 50.8% of isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, 43.6% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and less than 1% to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. In S. sonnei, the most common resistance profile corresponded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (92%) whereas in S. fbxneri the most common antibiotic profiles were multidrug resistance. Conclusions. In Colombia, children under five years are affected by all Shigella species. These findings should guide funders and public health officials to make evidence-based decisions for protection and prevention measures. The antimicrobial resistance characteristics found in this study underline the importance of combating the dissemination of the most frequently isolated species, S. sonnei and S. ftexneri.

Resumen | Introducción. La shigelosis es endémica en los países de ingresos bajos y medios y ocasiona aproximadamente 125 millones de episodios de diarrea y 160.000 muertes al año, un tercio de los cuales se presenta en niños. Objetivo. Describir las características y los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos de Shigella spp. recuperados en Colombia entre 1997 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Los aislamientos provenían de laboratorios en 29 departamentos de Colombia. La serotipificación se hizo con antisueros específicos de Shigella spp. y, la determinación de los perfiles de resistencia y la concentración inhibitoria mínima de diez antibióticos, por Kirby-Bauer. Resultados. Se estudiaron 5.251 aislamientos de Shigella spp. obtenidos de materia fecal (96,4 %); el 47,8 % de ellos correspondía a niños menores de cinco años. Las especies más frecuentes fueron S. sonnei (55,1 %) y S. ftexneri (41,7 %). Se presentó resistencia a tetraciclina (88,1 %), trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol (79,3 %), ampicilina (65,5 %), cloranfenicol (50,8 %) y amoxicilina-acido clavulánico (43,6 %). La resistencia no superó el 1 % contra cefotaxime, ceftazidima, gentamicina y ciprofloxacina. Para S. sonnei, el perfil de resistencia más frecuente correspondió a trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol, en contraste con S. ftexneri, cuyos perfiles fueron todos multirresistentes. Conclusiones. Los niños menores de cinco años se vieron afectados por todas las especies de Shigella spp., aspecto que los legisladores en salud pública deben considerar a la hora de tomar decisiones en torno a las medidas de prevención y protección frente a esta enfermedad. Las características de resistencia antimicrobiana de los aislamientos de Shigella spp. en Colombia ponen de manifiesto la importancia de combatir la diseminación de las dos especies más frecuentes en casos clínicos, S. sonnei y S. ftexneri.

Renal tubular acidosis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole poisoning / Acidosis tubular renal asociada a intoxicación por trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol

Abstract The combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ or cotrimoxazole) has a bactericidal effect on gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. It is used clinically for skin and soft tissue, respiratory and urinary tract infections, and is also relevant for prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients. Its use at established doses in immunocompetent patients is safe, with a low rate of adverse events. However, in immunosuppressed individuals (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], transplants, or steroid users), the adverse effects (AEs) of this medication reach 83%; and, when administered parenterally at high doses, lactic acidosis has been documented secondary to the polyethylene glycol vehicle. We present two cases of patients who ingested an overdose of TMP-SMZ and developed type 2 renal tubular acidosis (RTA), which has not been described with this medication, and whose hyperlactatemia is not explained by the polyethylene glycol excipient, as it was taken orally.

Resumen La combinación de trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMZ o cotrimoxazol) tiene efecto bactericida sobre cocos gram positivos y bacilos gram negativos, con uso clínico en infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos, del tracto respiratorio y urinario, además con relevancia en la profilaxis y tratamiento de infecciones oportunistas en pacientes inmunosupresos. Su uso en pacientes inmunocompetentes a dosis establecidas es seguro, con una baja tasa de eventos adversos. Sin embargo, en población con inmunosupresión: virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), trasplante, o usuarios de esteroides; los efectos adversos (EA) por este medicamento alcanzan 83% y por administración parenteral en dosis elevadas se ha documentado acidosis láctica secundaria al vehículo polietilenglicol. Presentamos dos casos de pacientes que ingirieron TMP-SMZ en sobredosis, desarrollando acidosis tubular renal (ATR) tipo 2, la cual no se ha descrito en este medicamento y cuya hiperlactatemia no es explicable por el excipiente polietilenglicol debido a que el consumo fue oral.

Metahemoglobinemia, una entidad de diagnóstico complejo. Reporte de un caso

Methemoglobinemia is a rare condition with serious consequences if not diagnosed. We report the case of a 64-year-old woman with a history of allergy to sulfa drugs and a recent diagnosis of a small vessel vasculitis (ANCA-p) who started induction therapy with corticosteroids and rituximab. Due to the need for infectious prophylaxis, and considering her history, dapsone was administered instead of cotrimoxazole after ruling out glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. During the admission to the hospital for her second dose of rituximab, and while being asymptomatic, she persistently presented a pulse oximetry ≪ 90% despite the administration of O2. Therefore, the infusion was postponed to study the patient. The arterial gasometric study by direct potentiometry revealed an O2 saturation of 98%, with a saturation gap > 5%. Considering the use of dapsone, a methemoglobinemia was suspected and confirmed by co-oximetry (methemoglobinemia 9%). Dapsone was suspended and one week later, her methemoglobinemia was absent.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada em 11 de agosto de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted on August 11, 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referentes ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 14 artigos e 5 protocolos.

Loss of tolerance 5 days after discontinuing sulphonamide introduced via desensitization in delayed reaction / Perda da tolerância 5 dias após suspensão de sulfonamida introduzida através de dessensibilização por reação tardia

ABSTRACT The fixed drug eruption is a non-immediate hypersensitivity reaction to drug, characterized by recurrent erythematous or violaceous, rounded, well-defined border plaques, which always appear in the same location every time the culprit drug is administered. The usual practice is to avoid the drug involved and to use a structurally different drug. However, there are situations in which there is no safe and effective therapy. In such situations, desensitization is the only option. We describe the case of a patient who presented fixed eruption due to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, who underwent successful desensitization, but required a repeat procedure twice due to relapse after inadvertent full-dose reintroduction. In non-immediate hypersensitivity reaction to drug, the indication is controversial and there is no technical standardization. Furthermore, the time at which such tolerance is lost after discontinuing the drug involved is unknown. In severe non-immediate reactions of types II and III, desensitization is contraindicated. The patient underwent desensitisation to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim three times − the first with recurrence of lesions and the second and third without manifestations, all concluded successfully and with no premedication.

RESUMO A erupção fixa por drogas é uma reação de hipersensibilidade a medicamento não imediata, caracterizada por placas eritematosas ou violáceas, arredondadas, recorrentes, de bordas bem definidas e que aparecem sempre na mesma localização cada vez que o medicamento culpado é administrado. A prática habitual é evitar a droga envolvida e utilizar um medicamento estruturalmente diferente. Contudo, há situações em que não há terapêutica segura e eficaz. Em tais situações, a dessensibilização é a única opção. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente que apresentou erupção fixa por drogas por sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, tendo sido submetido à dessensibilização com sucesso, mas necessitou repetição do procedimento duas vezes, por recidiva da reação após reintrodução inadvertida em dose plena. Em reação de hipersensibilidade a medicamento não imediata, a indicação é controversa e não há padronização técnica. Além disso, não se conhece o tempo durante o qual essa tolerância é perdida após a suspensão da droga envolvida. Nas reações não imediatas graves e dos tipos II e III, a dessensibilização está contraindicada. O paciente foi submetido a dessensibilização ao sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim por três vezes − a primeira com recorrência de lesões, e a segunda e terceira sem manifestações, sendo todas concluídas com sucesso e sem uso de pré-medicação.

Système National de Pharmacovigilance au Niger : a propos d'un cas de syndrome de Lyell associé au Cotrimoxazole

A partir de 2015, le programme national de lutte contre le paludisme (PNLP) du Niger a mis à grande échelle la chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier (CPS) avec la sulfadoxine pyriméthamine plus amodiaquine(SPAQ). Le Ministère de la santé publique a saisie l'opportunité pour renforcer le système national des vigilances (SNV).Nous rapportons un cas de syndrome de Lyell dû au cotrimoxazole (Triméthoprime sulfaméthoxazole)dans son aspect clinique, pronostic et thérapeutique.Il s'agissait d'une patiente de soixante ans, soufrantd'une diarrhée et admise au centre de santé intégré (CSI) de Maijirgui au Niger. Elle a été traitée avec du cotrimoxazole. Quelques jours après, elle était léthargique et les yeux enfoncés. L'examen du système cutanéo-phanérien, laisse apparaitre un vaste décollement cutané faisant le tour du thorax, s'étendant à toutl'abdomen et prenant les deux membres thoraciques.Cette perte de l'épiderme laissait découvrir un derme rouge suintant à nu. Tout ceci réalisait un décollement épidermique en « linges mouillées » avec une atteinte de plus 70% de la surface corporelle. A l'examen des muqueuses, on note au niveau buccal des ulcérations muqueuses recouvertes de croutes. On notait également une érosion des paupières supérieures et une conjonctivite diffuse. Malgré son évacuation à l'hôpital national de Zinder, elle fut décédée à l'admission.Le syndrome de Lyell ou nécrolyse épidermique toxique est une dermatose bulleuse grave et rare, le plus souvent d'origine médicamenteuse. Toute distribution de masse de médicaments doit s'accompagner d'un renforcement du SNV pour rechercher, documenter et prendre en charge rapidement les évènements indésirables

Usefulness of rapid diagnostic test in the diagnosis of asymptomatic malaria in HIV infected children on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in Benin City, Nigeria

Background: Rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) is a useful tool in demonstrating parasitologically proven malaria. Its efficacy is however hampered when parasite density is low. Prophylactic use of cotrimoxazoleas in cases of HIV infected children can cause reduction in parasite count. It is doubtful if mRDT will retain its diagnostic usefulness among such individuals.Objectives: The study sought to evaluate the diagnostic value of mRDT in HIV infected children on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in Benin City.Methods: In the prospective, cross sectional and descriptive study, we assessed malaria parasitaemia using standard methods in microscopy and parasite density and malaria antigenaemia using Care Start Pf (monoclonal antibodies specific to histidine rich protein ­ 2 antigen) in 221 each of HIV infected subjects on cotrimoxazole managed in a specialist clinic and HIV negative controls all seen at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital between April and June 2016.Results: Malaria antigenaemia rate MAr (20.8%) was lower than malaria parasitaemia rate MPr (24.4%) in subjects. MAr (20.8) and MPr (24.4%) in subjects were higher than MAr (18.10%) and MPr (17.7%) in controls. Mean (SEM) parasite count in subjects of was low (50.88 + 2.24 per µl). Using microscopy as gold standard the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of mRDT in subjects were 77.8%, 97.6%, 91.3% and 93.1%. Corresponding values in controls were 100.0%, 99.5%, 97.5% and 100.0%. Youden indices for subjects and controls were 0.75 and 0.99. Conclusions/Recommendations: Sensitivity of mRDT in HIV infected children on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections (OI) is reduced. However, the indices of specificity, PPV and NPV are high enough to retain its value in the evaluation of HIV infected children for asymptomatic malaria and perhaps the clinical disease

Correlación de colonización de Staphylococcus aureus en mucosa nasal e infecciones faciales de origen no odontogénico / Corelation between Staphylococcus aureus colonization in nasal mucosa and facial infections from non-odontogenic origin

En la actualidad, las tasas que se conocen de colonización de piel y mucosa por el staphylococcus aureus están incrementando día a día. Se ha encontrado una fuerte correlación de la invasión de estos en otras partes del cuerpo (zona axilar, mucosa nasal, entre otras) con la aparición de celulitis y/o abscesos faciales. Se demostró que la flora nasal es muy diversa, encontrándose patógenos como streptococcus viridans, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus coagulasa negativa y Corynebacterium sp, pero sin posibilidad de definir con exactitud cuál es la constancia de los mismos pudiendo presentarse variaciones de esta. A su vez, esto se ve agravado por la falta de adherencia al tratamiento por parte de los pacientes y de otras condiciones como, el mismo contagio o predisposición del medio (sudoración, altas temperaturas, mala higiene, etc.), que facilitan la capacidad de dicho microorganismo de tornarse más resistente, incrementar su población y aumentar así la patogenicidad a través de la codificación de una exotoxina llamada Pantón Valentín (SAMR). Se demostrará entonces, la metodología que se llevó a cabo a través de un análisis descriptivo transversal de los casos tratados en el Hospital Mariano y Luciano de La Vega, con el fin de correlacionar causalidad y efecto (AU)

At present, the rates known for skin and mucosa colonization by Sthapylococcus aureus are increasing day by day. A strong correlation has been found of the invasion of these in other parts of the body (axillary area, nasal mucosa, among others, being the latter the most representative), with the appearance of cellulite and/or facial abscesses. It was shown that the nasal flora is very diverse, finding pathogens such as Streptococcus Viridans, Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium sp, but that has not been defined exactly the constancy of the same, can be presented variations of this. In turn, this is aggravated by the lack of adherence to treatment by patients and other conditions such as the same contagion or predisposition of the medium (sweating, high temperatures, poor hygiene, etc.), which facilitate the capacity of said Microorganism to become more resistant, increase its population and thus increase the pathogenicity through the codification of a exotoxin called Valentín Panty. To prove the methodology that was carried out through a transversal descriptive analysis of the cases treated at the Mariano Hospital and Luciano de La Vega in order to fulfil the objective of correlating causality and Effect (AU)

Infecciones en pie diabético: Elección del tratamiento antibiótico empírico / Infections in diabetic foot. Choice of empirical antibiotic regimen

Las infecciones del pie diabético se asocian a complicaciones graves y constituyen la principal causa de hospitalización relacionada con diabetes y amputación de miembros inferiores. Para evitar su progresión, se requiere una conducta inicial rápida y adecuada que incluye toma de muestras para cultivos e inicio inmediato de tratamiento antibiótico empírico, según las características de las lesiones y la prevalencia local de microorganismos. Por ello, es necesario conocer y vigilar la microbiología local y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la frecuencia de gérmenes en infecciones de pie diabético en pacientes ambulatorios asistidos en nuestro hospital en 2018 e identificar el esquema antibiótico con mayor cobertura, en comparación con los resultados de un estudio similar realizado en 2015. Fueron analizadas 72 muestras tomadas mediante punción por piel sana de partes blandas. Entre los 68 gérmenes aislados, los Gram negativos fueron los más frecuentes (47.1%), lo que representa un aumento significativo en relación a la frecuencia observada en 2015 (24.6%) p = 0.01 y un aumento de la sensibilidad a ciprofloxacina de 25% a 62.5% (p=0.03). El esquema con mayor cobertura fue amoxicilina-clavulánico con ciprofloxacina (77.9%) mientras que en 2015 fue amoxicilina-clavulánico con trimetoprima sulfametoxazol. La vigilancia de la microbiología local es fundamental para la elección del antibiótico empírico en las infecciones de pie diabético. En nuestro hospital, cuando la infección es de partes blandas, se recomienda la combinación amoxicilina-clavulánico más ciprofloxacina como esquema antibiótico empírico según los hallazgos de este estudio.

Diabetic foot infections are related to severe complications and constitute the main reason for diabetes-related hospitalization and lower limb amputations. A diabetic foot infection requires prompt actions to avoid progression of the infected wound; a soft tissue sample has to be taken for microbiological culture and empiric antibiotic therapy must be started immediately. Empiric antibiotic schemes should be chosen based on the severity of the infection and the local prevalence of microbial causal agents. Therefore, it is important to monitor these indicators. The aim of this study was to determine which microorganisms were more prevalent in cultures of diabetic foot infections during 2018 and what antibiotic combination was better to cover local microbiology, compared with data available from 2015 for a similar cohort. A total of 68 positive cultures were obtained of 72 soft tissue specimens analyzed. The most frequent microorganisms were Gram negative (47.1%), and resulted significantly more frequent than in 2015 (24.6%) p = 0.01. These Gram negative germs also resulted more sensitive to ciprofloxacin than in 2015 (62.5% vs. 25.0%) p = 0.03. Amoxicillin-clavulanate plus ciprofloxacin was the optimal combination therapy in 2018, while in 2015 it was amoxicillin-clavulanate plus trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. In agreement with these results, we recommend amoxicillin-clavulanate plus ciprofloxacin as the empiric antibiotic regimen of choice for soft tissue infections in diabetic foot. We consider surveillance of local microbiology to be an important tool in the management of diabetic foot infections.

Recurrencia de Síndrome de Goodpasture con negativización de anticuerpos anti-membrana basal glomerular: caso clínico / Recurrence of goodpasture syndrome with negative antiglomerular basement antibodies: report of one case

Goodpasture Syndrome is described as a single episode disease entity. It is diagnosed with the demonstration of antiglomerular basement (anti-GBM) antibodies in plasma or renal tissue. Although the recurrence of anti-GBM disease is rare, it has been reported in up to 3% of cases. Recurrence with negative anti-GBM antibodies in plasma is even less frequent We report a 63 years old male in whom anti-GBM disease recurred without detectable anti-GBM antibodies in plasma, despite having positive antibodies at the onset.